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2024年5月23日木曜日
NAGASAKI PENGUIN AQUARIUM
CAN FORESTS BE MORE PROFITABLE THAN BEEF NOW A DAY?
CAN FORESTS BE MORE PROFITABLE THAN BEEF NOW A DAY?
MARACAÇUMÉ, Brazil – The residents of Maracaçumé, an impoverished town on the edge of the Amazon rainforest, are mystified by the company that recently bought the biggest ranch in the region. How can it possibly make money by planting trees, which executives say they’ll never cut down, on pastureland where cattle have been grazing for decades?
“We are killing pasture that a lot of farmers need,” said Josias Araújo, a former cowboy who now works in reforestation, as he stood on a patch of soil he was helping to fertilize. “It’s all strange.”
The new company, which is also Araújo’s new employer, is a forest restoration business called Re.green. Its aim, along with a handful of other companies, is to create a whole new industry that can make standing trees, which store planet-warming carbon, more lucrative than the world’s biggest driver of deforestation: cattle ranching.
It’s the holy grail of the forest economy. And now it might be within reach.
The stakes are high. About one-fifth of the great rainforest is already gone. And scientists warn that rising global temperatures could push the entire ecosystem, a trove of biodiversity and a crucial regulator of the world’s climate, to collapse in the coming decades unless deforestation is halted and an area the size of Germany is restored.
Re.green plans to restore native trees in deforested areas and sell credits that correspond to the carbon they lock away. Those trees will be protected, not logged. Then, businesses will use those credits to offset their own greenhouse gases in emissions accounting.
The bet hinges on the success of a system that’s being built from scratch and comes with some big challenges. Measuring the carbon held in trees and soil is complex. And many conservationists worry that carbon credits could easily be abused by companies that want to appear environmentally conscious while sticking with fossil fuels.
Still, reforestation projects have created a buzz in the northern Amazon, where companies are rushing to buy up big plots of land with restoration potential.
“You know that people who handle cattle don’t care much about this reforestation stuff,” said Anderson Pina Farias, a rancher whose farm is almost completely deforested. But, he added, “if selling carbon is better than ranching, we can change businesses.”
Challenging an Empire
A backlash from nature seems to be helping the restoration companies win hearts and minds in a region where ranching culture runs deep.
Jose Villeigagnon Rabelo, the mayor of Mãe do Rio, a city in the northeastern part of the Amazon, is worried. A brutal drought fuelled by climate change and deforestation has recently dried out much of the grass that ranchers there use as feed. And after decades of pounding by hooves, millions of acres across the region have become so degraded, they can’t nourish much of anything.
“The cattle are starving,” Mr Rabelo said sitting in his office, with wooden paneling and benches made of angelim-vermelho, a tree that’s become hard to find in the region. “We’ve never had a summer like this.”
The crisis has prompted ranchers to dedicate bigger and bigger parts of their farms to feed ever-shrinking numbers of cattle. Now fewer than half of the ranches registered with the city have any cattle on them.
But around a year ago, a restoration company called Mombak started a 7,500-acre (3,035 hectares) project on one of the region’s biggest ranches. Mr Rabelo said he is hopeful the new industry will offer the community a lifeline.
The idea is simple: A credit for each tonne of carbon dioxide that the trees pull out of the atmosphere can be sold to companies that want to compensate for their own pollution.
Environmental disruptions, combined with growing interest in carbon credits, have created an opening to challenge the beef empire’s hold on vast stretches of the rainforest, experts say. According to a 2023 report by BloombergNEF, carbon markets could be valued at US$1 trillion (S$1.36 trillion) by 2037, double what the global beef market is worth now.
Growing a large, biodiverse forest on degraded land can cost tens of millions of dollars. For years, forestry projects had to rely on multiple revenue streams, including sustainable timber harvesting, to restore soil and grow different types of natives trees.
But companies looking to burnish their climate credentials are increasingly willing to spend more to fund projects they deem to be high-quality. It’s why companies like Mombak and Re.green are now developing a business model that relies almost solely on carbon credits, with little or no logging.
Microsoft has bought a major project from Mombak, and Re.green said it expects to announce buyers soon. The two companies have raised about US$200 million from investors – including large pension funds, the Brazilian Development Bank and global asset managers – to reforest hundreds of thousands of acres by the end of the decade.
“Scaling all of the other carbon-removal sectors, it’s just going to move too slow,” said Brian Marrs, Microsoft’s senior director of energy and carbon. “I don’t think there’s a solution to carbon removal without global forestry included.”
Part of the strategy of companies like Mombak and Re.green is to help farmers improve land and intensify cattle ranching in some degraded areas while restoring forests on others. On average, Amazon ranches support one animal on every 2 acres. That could rise to three animals with little investment, researchers say.
Most projects employ a few dozen local people to plant trees, fertilize the soil and stand lookout for fires. The companies are also funding and training local businesses to provide much-needed native seeds and seedlings.
In some projects, as the forests grow, local communities can also make a living from collecting and processing Brazil nuts, andiroba oil and other forest products they can sell to food, beauty and pharmaceutical companies.
When a standing forest becomes an answer to people’s range of needs, that becomes a powerful reason for communities to protect it, said Luiza Maia de Castro, an economist who is managing community relations for Re.green. Right now, razing trees is a perfectly acceptable livelihood in most of the Amazon.
“To break that cycle,” she said, “you have to change how people make a living.”
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@Jackie San
2024年5月22日水曜日
DEJIMA NAGASAKI THINGS TO DO (ONE DAY CITY TOUR)
THINGS TO DO IN OKINAWA JAPAN (151 ATTRACTIONS OKINAWA YOU MUST VISIT)
Lets experience the raw natural beauty and rich cultural heritage of Okinawa, from the castle ruins and heritage sites of the main island to the secluded coves, vibrant reefs, and clear waters of the Kerama and Yaeyama islands. Discover Okinawa at your own pace, island by island, moment by moment.
THINGS TO DO IN OKINAWA JAPAN
1- NAHA CITY
2- OKINAWA PREFECTURE
3- MIYAKOJIMA
4- OKINAWA CHURAUMI AQUARIUM (WORLD LARGEST)
5- SHURIJO CASTLE
6- YONAHA MAEHAMA BEACH
7- AMERICAN VILLAGE
8- MAKSIHI PUBLIC MARKET
9- KABIRA BAY
10- KOKUSAIDORI
11- KOURI OHASHI
12- T GALLERIA BY DFS, OKINAWA
13- CAPE MANZAMO, OKINAWA
14- ARAGUSUKU BEACH
15- OKINAWA WORLD CULTURE KINGDOM GYOKUSENDO
16- NEO PARK OKINAWA
17- FORMER JAPANESE NAVY UNDERGROUND HEADQUARTERS
18- BISE NO FUKUGI TREE ROAD
19- ISHIGAKI PORT RITOH TERMINAL
20- ASHIBINA OUTLET MALL
21- VALLEY OF GANGALA
22- IRABU OHASHI
23- SESOBO BEACH
24- CAPE ZAMPA
25- OKINAWA PREFECTURAL MUSEUM AND ART MUSEUM
26- SUNAYAMA BEACH
27- MICHI-NO-EKI YAMBARU LOCAL PRODCUTS CENTER
28- NAGO PINEAPPLE PARK
29- UMIKAJI TERRACE
30- BUSENA MARINE PARK
31- NAMINOUE-GU SHRINE
32- THE TOWER OF HIMEYURI
33- OKINAWA PEACE MEMORIAL PARK
34- NAMINOUE BEACH
35- SEFA UTAKI
36- KATSUREN CASTLE RUINS
37- NAKIJIN CASTLE RUINS
38- AHAREN BEACH
39- HIMEYURI PEACE MUSEUM
40- AEON MALL OKINAWA RYCOM
41- MINNAJIMA ISLAND
42- ISHIGAKI YAIMA VILLAGE
43- SENAGAJIMA ISLAND
44- CAPE HIRAKUBOZAKI
45- SHIKINAEN GARDEN
46- KAICHU ROAD
47- FUKUSHU-EN GARDEN
48- YACHIMUN STREET
49- IKEMA OHASHI BRIDGE
50- KUDAKAJIMA ISLAND
51- CAPE MAEDA
52- EUGLENA MALL
53- SAN-A NAHA MAIN PLACE
54- KOURI OCEAN TOWER
55- OKICHAN THEATER
56- KUMEJIMA ISLAND
57- MANZA BEACH
58- MICHI-NO-EKI KADENA
59- TAMATORIZAKI OBSERVATORY
60- YUI RAIL
61- OKINAWA MEMORIAL PARK OCEAN EXPO PARK
62- TOMARI IYUMACHI
63- OKINAWA ZOO & MUSEUM
64- EAST HENNA CAPE
65- AEON NAHA SHOPPING CENTER
66- ZAKIMI CASTLE RUINS
67- ISHIGAKI ISLAND LIMESTONE CAVE
68- NAKAGUSUKU CASTLE RUINS
69- SRIKINJOCHO STONE-PART ROAD
70- ARAHA PARK (ARAHA BEACH)
71- SHIJO HONDORI
72- HIGASHI HENNAZAKI LIGHTHOUSE
73- KERAMA ISLANDS
74- TORRIKE POND
75- TIINUHAM ABEACH
76- RYUKYU MURA
77- HEIWADORI
78- SAWADA NO HAMA BEACH
79- ONAYAMA PARK
80- PLAZA HOUSE SHOPPING CENTER
81- SHUREIMON GATE
82- OKINAWA PREFECTURAL PEACE MEMORIAL MUSEUM
83- SHURIJO CASTLE PARK
84- UMANCHU MARKET
85- KANAI BRIDGE
86- OGAMI ISLAND
87- TOMARIN
88- ABURACHIGAMA
89- KOURI BEACH
90- CAPE OGANZAKI
91- SEA STATION AYAHASHI HALL
92- SAKAEMACHI ARCADE
93- MICHI-NO-EKI TOYOSAKI
94- MANATEE CENTER
95- RYUBO
96- TAKETOMI TOURIST CENTER
97- TSUSHIMAMARU MUSEUM
98- MIYAKO SHRINE
99- OSEANIC CULTURE MUSEUM
100- MICHI-NO-EKI YUIYUI KUNIGAMI
101- BANKOKU SHINRYOKAN
102- MOTOBU OLD LOCAL MARKET
103- MAKIYAMA OBSERVATORY
104- FISH CENTER
105- TAMAUDUN
106- TSUBOYA POTTERY MUSEUM
107- CAVE OKINAWA
108- NAHA CITY HALL
109- KAKAZUTAKO OBSERVATORY
110- MONUMENT OF THE SOUTHERNMOST PART OF JAPAN
111- NAGOMI TOWER
112- IRIZAKI
113- SHIRUMICHU
114- YOKO GUSHIKEN MONUMENT
115- ISHIGAKIJIMA OBSERVATORY
116- RYUKYU GLASS VILLAGE
117- FUTENMAGU
118- OKINAWA COMPREHENSIVE ATHELIC PARK
119- OKINAWA GOKOKU SHRINE
120- MIYAGI COAST
121- YACHIMUN NO SATO
123- UMEGAME-KAN
124- ZUISEN SHUZO
125- URASOE CASTLE RUINS
126- NAKAMURA FAMILY RESIDENT
127- NAHA TOURIST INFORMATION CENTER
128- TOKETOMI POST OFFICE
129- SOURTHERN GATE BRIDGE
130- MINSAH KOGEI MUSEUM
131- URASOE YODORE SITE
132- TAIHEIDORI SHOPPING STREET
133- OKINO-GU SHRINE
134- ISHIGANTO STONE
135- NATIVE OKINAWAN VILLEGE
136- 730 CROSSING
137- NATIONAL ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATORY OF JAPAN-VERA ISHIGAKI ISLAND OBSERVATORY STATION
138- HOSHINO CAVE
139- BEZAITENDO HALL
140- TORINJI TEMPLE
141- STONE GATE, OLD SOGENJI TEMPLE
142- NAHA AIRPORT STATION
143- NAHA INSECT MUSEUM HAIMURUBUSHI
144- TSUBOYA YACHIMUN DORI
145- SHIRAHAMA PORT
146- SONOHYAN UTAKI STONE GATE
147- STATUE OF MARIRIN
148- STREET KART OKINAWA
149- GOEDANO MATSU
150- OKINAWA KADENA AIR BASE
151- OKINAWA HARLEY DAVIDSON
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