25 PANDUAN MUDAH MEMULAKAN PERNIAGAAN

Duit, harta dan kekayaan adalah keperluan yang wajib pada masa kini. Tanpa adanya itu semua - seseorang tidak akan dipandang, malah akan mudah disingkirkan. Percaya atau tidak, tepuk dada tanya lah diri anda sendiri.

Malah sewaktu di sekolah rendah atau menengah lagi jika kita masih ingat, dalam mata pelajaran Pendidikan Islam ada menyatakan dan turut menyarankan bahawa "lakukan lah sebuah perniagaan kerana dengan berniagalah mendapatkan pendapatan dan ianya menguntungkan". Tabiat berniaga ini sememangnya menguntungkan. Jika dilihat banyak aktiviti berniaga sama ada berniaga kecil-kecilan ataupun besar pasti memberikan pendapatan kepada seseorang yang rajin melakukannya. Dewasa ini, banyak kaedah untuk kita berniaga. Asalkan diri ini rajin berusaha dan tidak malu Insya Allah ianya akan memberikan hasil yang pasti lumayan.

Di sini dikongsikan beberapa panduan mudah untuk memulakan sebuah perniagaan.

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#1- Menilai Diri Sendiri

Tidak semua orang mempunyai kualiti potensi diri yang sama yang diperlukan untuk memulakan perniagaan. Jika anda kekurangan ciri-ciri yang diperlukan sebagai seorang usahawan, jangan risau – luangkan masa untuk menimba ilmu yang tepat melalui pembacaan, seminar, kelas ataupun cari mentor untuk dijadikan panduan.

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#2- Membangunkan Idea

Jangan memulakan perniagaan kerana ia merupakan salah satu tren terkini dan menganggapnya ia dapat memberi pulangan wang yang lumayan jika dikomersialkan. Mula membangunkan satu konsep idea perniagaan yang anda minati dan mempunyai pengalaman terhadapnya. Ini memudahkan kerja anda, kerana anda sudah memiliki ilmu dan idea bagaimana hendak komersialkannya.

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#3- Penyelidikan

Sebaik sahaja anda telah menetapkan idea, sekarang cuba fikirkan bagaimana perniagaan ini boleh menjadi kenyataan. Adakah produk atau perkhidmatan yang bakal disediakan sesuatu yang orang ramai mahu atau perlukan? Bolehkah anda membuat keuntungan jika menjualnya?

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#4- Pelan Perniagaan

Ambil kertas dan pen! Mula merangka pelan perniagaan jangka pendek dan jangka panjang. Bagaimana perniagaan ini boleh berkembang dalam masa setahun, tiga tahun dan lima tahun. Apakah idea yang diperlukan jika anda ingin pelabur melabur ke perniagaan anda. Secara asasnya, pelan perniagaan harus merangkumi misi, visi, ringkasan perniagaan, ringkasan eksekutif, perkhidmatan atau servis yang ditawarkan, penerangan pasaran sasaran, unjuran kewangan dan kos operasi. Dapatkan nasihat dari pakar jika anda mengalami kesulitan untuk merancangnya.

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#5- Mengenal Pasti Sasaran Pasaran

Ini merupakan kriteria yang penting bagi sesebuah perniagaan, kerana ia akan menentukan keuntungan dan kerugian perniagaan. Walaupun anda telah berjaya mengesan beberapa sasaran yang berkesan yang bakal memberi keuntungan perniagaan – jangan berhenti setakat itu, terus dan terus mengenal pasti sasaran baru. Ini bagi membolehkan perniagaan dapat berdaya saing dengan kukuh antara pesaing lain. 

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#6- Kos Industri

Menentukan kos standard melalui penyelidikan terhadap industri-industri yang sama bidang perniagaan dengan anda. Teknik ini akan membantu anda menguruskan kos kewangan dengan lebih efisyen dan berkesan.

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#7- Mewujudkan Pelan Pemasaran

Sebaik sahaja anda berjaya menentukan berapa banyak wang yang diperlukan untuk memulakan operasi perniagaan, tiba masanya untuk fikirkan berapa banyak yang diperlukan untuk membangunkan produk atau servis dan merangkakannya menjadi satu pelan pemasaran.

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#8- Mencari Pelabur Yang Tepat

Anda akan memerlukan beberapa jenis pembiayaan bagi memulakan perniagaan, sama ada melalui simpanan bank, kad kredit, pinjaman, geran atau pelabur. Mencari pelabur yang berkongsi minat sama seperti anda, akan memudahkan anda melakukan perniagaan dengan lebih terancang di masa hadapan. 

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#9- Memahami Pelabur

Sama ada anda suka ataupun tidak, pelabur mempunyai hak untuk bersuara ke atas syarikat anda. Cuba memahami apakah yang diperlukan oleh mereka sebenarnya. Jika diberi cadangan atau nasihat dari pelabur, dengarkannya dahulu – jangan dibangkang serta merta. Terima sahaja apa yang hendak dikongsikan oleh pelabur, tetapi itu tidak bermakna anda perlu mematuhinya 100% – ambil idea yang bernas sahaja!

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#10- Membina Satu Sistem Sokongan Keluarga

Kemungkinan besar anda akan melabur lebih banyak masa dan sumber ke dalam perniagaan baru anda. Pastikan keluarga anda memahami situasi ini. Mereka harus sedar bahawa proses ini akan mencabar dari segi emosi dan kewangan secara total. Sokongan keluarga akan dapat membantu pengembangan perniagaan baru dengan pantas.

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#11- Struktur Undang-undang

Mengenal pasti struktur undang-undang melalui bentuk pemilikan yang terbaik untuk perniagaan anda. Pemilikan terdiri daripada pemilikan tunggal, perkongsian, syarikat liabiliti terhad, perbadanan, syarikat bukan keuntungan (NGO), koperasi dan sebagainya.

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#12- Nama Perniagaan

Tentukan nama yang sesuai digunakan untuk perniagaan anda. Kemudian semak melalui online sama ada nama domain (website) telah dimiliki ataupun tidak.

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#13- Pendaftaran

Jika nama perniagaan yang dicadangkan boleh dimiliki, cepat-cepat daftar nama syarikat dan beli nama domain website. Lakukan pendaftaran di Suruhanjaya Syarikat Malaysia (SSM).

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#14- Mengambil Peluang

Terdapat banyak sumber-sumber percuma yang disediakan oleh pihak kerajaan dan juga NGO. Sumber seperti ilmu perniagaan, latihan, nasihat, bantuan wang perniagaan, geran perniagaan dan banyak lagi.

#15- Cukai

Kenal pasti cukai yang perlu diwajibkan bayar. Terdapat beberapa cukai yang wajib dibayar seperti cukai perniagaan, pendapatan, eksais dan lain-lain.

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#16- Permit dan Lesen

Pastikan anda mempunyai permit dan lesen yang sah untuk melakukan perniagaan. Ini bagi mengelakkan sebarang masalah timbul di kemudian hari.

#17- Insurans

Demi keselamatan, anda boleh membeli insurans-insurans yang bersesuaian dengan perniagaan anda. Setiap jenis perniagaan mempunyai polisi insurans yang berbeza. Anda juga boleh membeli insurans untuk diri dan pekerja anda sebagai salah satu manfaat yang disediakan oleh syarikat.

#18- Buku Rekod

Sentiasa mempunyai simpanan rekod secara fizikal iaitu buku. Rekod aliran wang keluar dan masuk serta aktiviti-aktiviti syarikat.

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#19- Lokasi Perniagaan

Memilih lokasi yang sesuai dengan keperluan perniagaan anda. Lokasi yang mudah diakses oleh anda, pelanggan dan pembekal. Ini akan memudahkan pertumbuhan perniagaan.

#20- Tidak Perlu Pejabat

Tidak perlu pejabat, jika anda masih belum lagi mampu untuk memilikinya. Berniaga dahulu, dapatkan keuntungan yang tinggi kemudian kembangkannya dengan mendapatkan pejabat sebagai langkah permulaan. Pejabat dapat meyakinkan pelanggan bahawa perniagaan anda wujud dan kukuh.

#21- Paten Perniagaan Bila Kukuh

Jangan melakukan paten jika anda masih belum mempunyai wang yang cukup. Ini kerana untuk melakukan paten perniagaan anda memerlukan kos yang mungkin menelan perbelanjaan sehingga mencecah beribu-ribu ringgit. Berniaga dahulu, kukuhkan jenama bisnes dan dapatkan keuntungan yang tinggi – kemudian baru mula patenkan perniagaan.

 #22- Pandangan Idea

Anda mungkin berasa idea anda sudah cukup hebat, tetapi sebenarnya tidak. Ini kerana terdapat banyak lagi idea-idea bukan sahaja hebat malah luar biasa hebat. Jangan sempitkan pemikiran, kongsikan idea sedia ada anda bersama rakan-rakan dan keluarga. Dapatkan pandangan dari mereka dan perbaiki kelemahan jika ada. Mana tahu pandangan yang diterima itu bernas, gabungan idea itu bersama idea anda – hasilnya pasti akan jadi luar biasa hebat.

#23- Jangan Takut – Lancar Sahaja

Segala persiapan sudah siap, kini tiba masa untuk lancarkannya secepat mungkin. Jangan tunda pelancaran produk kerana takut ia tidak mendapat sambutan orang ramai.

Lancar sahaja, pada waktu yang sama dapatkan maklumbalas dari pelanggan yang membeli dan bakal pelanggan. Maklumbalas ini merupakan info paling berharga buat bisnes anda, ia akan membantu untuk menaik taraf lagi kualiti produk atau servis ke tahap yang lebih bagus lagi.

#24- Produk Inovasi

Produk inovasi adalah salah satu tip yang membuatkan bisnes terus unggul dan maju. Jangan asyik bergantung kepada produk lama sahaja, terokai produk baru yang akan menyegarkan udara bisnes anda. Pelanggan setia sentiasa menanti-nantikan sesuatu yang baru dari bisnes anda, jangan kecewakan mereka.

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#25- Bersabar & Realistik

Anda bukan seorang ahli magik yang mampu membina empayar besar dalam sekelip mata. Jadi realistik, kejayaan tidak akan turun seperti ribuan titisan air hujan, kejayaan harus ditakluk dengan tindakan dan kesabaran masa. Jangan gementar untuk memulakan perniagaan dengan langkah yang kecil, percayalah langkah yang kecil ini akan menjadi berjuta langkah yang pasti capai kejayaan. Kekalkan bersabar, realistik & tidak putus asa.

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@ Jackie San

TONING UP YOUR BODY IN THE CITY With The 7 Best Spa NOW !

#1 FOR FIRMING AND MOISTURISING
THE PAYOT BODY MASSAGE AND BODY WRAP AT MY BEAUTY HUB

Here massage is to stimulate the metabolic rate using valuable payot, and better followed by a body Wrap. There are three options: harmonizing body wraps, true and vivifying. Recommended is to try envelope vivifying of the properties of the strengthening and detoxifying. Very soft with a wealth of mineral clay mixed with precious and semi precious balm oil has been used all over the body. The client will be wrapped in warm blankets and sheets of plastic over for about 15 minutes for skin to absorb all the good minerals.

The benefit of this method is for: people who love the diversity in their spa treatments and find the experience easy and private.

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#2 THE JAMU (BUNDASARI MASSAGE) 
TREATMENT AT ANGSANA SPA

Treatment begins with a massage at the stomach with traditional bundasari massage methods. This method of massage treatments at each part of the body perfectly. Then, continue to wrap the body. One thing that we feel is the use of a combination of herbs and spices was created for the customer and be appropriate to the type of skin. For fans of natural products, 1837 this experience is not a problem because it is sure to provide comfort and also gives no allergies. We will feel the response of the ingredients just now with the body and it is bereerti that the treatment worked. After the treatment is continued with warm tub is aimed at washing paste.

Good for: people who care about their abdominal area: highly recommended as treatment and toning the body.

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#3 FOR GLOWING SKIN, RADIANT
THE RE-MINERALISING MASSAGE AT MARIA GALLAND

Body massage is recommended to take with the accompaniment to face to experience total spa. It is recommended so that choose to face hydrating mask using Cocoon effect of bubbles. Before a massage, therapy for treatment. A mixture of Guerande sea salt and essential oils is then rubbed into the skin in long strokes, refreshing. After the scrub, rinse off this was followed by another massage using hydrating calming lotion and body lotion to feet.

The benefit of this method is for: people who have a less active lifestyle while it drains excessive toxins without exercise much.

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#5 FOR RELAXING STIFF MUSCLES
THE TANJUNG SPICE MASSAGE AT TANJUNG WELLNESS Spa
Back pain or stiffness in the back can be relieved here. The session began with a relaxing soak and foot bath. The main therapeutic massage therapy is from Germany that focused on the main body. Note administrative related joints will be ' cracked '-makes a lot of Noise, but it's not painful at all. Because you are advised not to take a shower immediately afterwards, make sure you have enough time to rest and bathe before an appointment next!

Best for: workahloics who spend most of their back muscles.

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#6 FOR DEEP RELAXATION
THE LOMI-LOMI MASSAGE AT PHILLIP WAIN

This is a popular Hawaiian massage that relaxes and de stressed. If visiting here, we will be served with a cup of hot ginger tea and is in a comfortable room with the lights dim. Here massage is to use Almond oil. The effect of oil above it smelled heavenly and leaving soft smells even after massage. We will not feel any pain at all these sessions such as a therapists used very soft stroke back, arms, legs and shoulders to melt stress. During the treatment session the body, we will feel cool, calm and relief of bodily felt.

Best for: people who have a low pain threshold because this sequence doesn't hurt at all! 

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#7 FOR TOTAL REJUVENATION AND RELIEVING STRESS
THE BABOR VOLCANIC HEAT BODY WRAP AND HOT HEALING STONES MASSAGE COMBO AT TRUESpa

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You can read articles from this blog. Just Click Link Below >>>

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@ Jackie San

9 Ingenuity of Engineering - Building Bridges

Discover the world through this series of spectacular bridges that function not only as connectors of communities, but also as testaments to the ingenuity of engineering, design and architecture.

# 1 - SERI WAWASAN BRIDGE, 

        MALAYSIA

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In Putrajaya, Malaysia's administrative capital, the Seri Wawasan Bridge cuts a striking figure and is considered one of the country's most beautiful bridges. This cable-stayed bridge spans 240m and acts as an essential link between the residential areas of Precint 8 and 9, and the core island of Precinct 2 across the Putrajaya Lake, where the central government buildings are located. The bridge was completed in 2003 and was designed by Perbadanan Putrajaya, a local governing body. The bridge is best known for its modern and futuristic asymmetrical design, which was inspired by the shape of a sailboat. The bridge was built using a combination of concrete, cable backstays and structural steel tiebacks, and features dual three-lane carriageways and a 5.1m wide walkaway for both pedestrians and cyclists. At night, colour-changing lights illuminate the entire bridge, making it a wondrous sight to behold. 

# 2 - DRAGON BRIDGE, 

        VIETNAM

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The Dragon Bridge (Vietnamese: Cau Rong) is a bride over the River Han at Da nang, Vietnam. Construction of the bridge began on 19 July 2009 (the same day as the inauguration of the nearby Thuan Phuoc Bridge) when the former Prime Minister of Vietnam Nguyen Tan Dung and many high-ranking government officials attended the groundbreaking ceremony. Dragon Bridge is 666m long, 37.5m wide and has six lanes for traffic. It opened to traffic on March 29, 2013, at a cost of nearly VND 1.5 trillion dong (US$88m). The bridge was designed by the US-based Ammann & Whithey Consulting Engineers with Louis Berger Group. Construction was undertaken by Company No. 508, an affiliate of Civil Construction Engineering Corporation No. 5, and Bridge Company No. 75. Main span was completed on October 26. 2012. The bridge was opened to traffic on March 29, 2013, the 38th anniversary of the liberation of Da Nang City. This modern bridge crosses the Han Rier at the Le Dinh Duong/Bach Dang traffic circle, providing the shortest road link from the Da nang International Airport to other main roads in Da Nang City, and a more direct route to My Khe Beach and Non Nuoc Beach on the eastern edge of the city. The bridge was designed and built in the shape of a dragon and to breathe fire and water each Saturday and Sunday night at 9PM.

# 3 - HANAPEPE SWINGING BRIDGE, 

        HAWAII

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Hanapepe Swinging Bridge, Hawaii is located in Hanapepe, this swinging suspension bridge is one of the area's most visited attractions. Originally built in the early 1900s as  means for locals to cross the Hanapepe River, the bridge has been repaired and reinforced over the years for visitors to enjoy. 

# 4 - NANPU BRIDGE, CHINA

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Nanpu Bridge -  In the bustling metropolist of Shanghai, the Nanpu Bridge links central Puxi with Pudong district across the Huangpu River. The cable-stayed bridge is connected to three spiralling interchanges on the Puxi side and also to connect Zhongshan South and Lu Jiabing roads. The bridge opened in 1991 and was constructed to accelerate the development of Pudong district. Since opening, the connectivity it offers has transformed the district into a significant hub, with iconic landmarks such as the Oriental Pearl Tower and the Shanghai World Financial Centre located here. The bridge spans over 8,000m, and is elevated 46m above the river. The defining features of this bridge are its two 'H' shaped towers, with 22 pairs of steel cables on each side. The bridge was designed by the Shanghai Municipal Engineering Design Institute in collaboration with the Tongji Architetural design and Research Institute, and is considered Shanghai's first steel and concrete girder cable-stayed bridge.

# 5 - SHINKYO BRIDGE, JAPAN  

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Shinkyo Bridge- Nestled within the serene scenery at the entrance area of Rinnoji Temple, Nikko Toshogu and Futarasan Shrine in the city of Nikko, the Shinkyo Bridge, or 'sacked bridge' is recognised as one of Japan's most stunning traditional bridges. The beautiful vermillion-lacquered bridge crosses the Daiya River at a height of 10m and spans approximately 28m. The first ever bridge in this location, it is believed to date back to AD 808. Local legend states that a priest prayed for a way to cross the river, and God answered by sending two snakes that intertwined and formed a bridge. The current version of the bridge was built in 1636, although it has been extensively repaired since then. Initially, only members of the shogunate and priests were allowed to cross the bridge, until it was finally opened to the public in 1973. It underwent extensive renovation works in the late 1990s and early 2000s, and visitors can now walk across the bridge and back for an entrance fee. Shinkyo Bridge is located in central Nikko, along the way between the railway stations and Toshogu Shrine. It can be accessed from JR or Tobu Nikko Station by a bus which stops at Shinkyo bus stop (5 minutes, 200 yen one way) or in about 20-30 minutes on foot. 

# 6 - BRIDGE OVER RIVER KWAI, THAILAND

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The Burma Railway, also known as the Death Railway, the Siam-Burma Railway, the Thai-Burma Railway and similar names, was a 415km (258 mi) railway between Ban Pong; Thailand and Thanbyuzayat, Burma, built by the Empire of Japan in 1943 to support its forces in the Burma campaign of World War II. This railway completed the rail link between Bangkok, Thailand, and Ranggon, Burma (now Yangon). The name used by the Japanese Government is Thai-Men-Rensetsu-Tetsudou, which means Thailand-Myanmar-Link-Railway. The line was closed in 1947, but the section between Nong Pla Duk and Nam Tok was reopened ten years later. Between 180,000 and 250,000 Southeast Asian civilian labourers and about 61,000 Allied prisoners of war were subjected to forced labour during its construction. About 90,000 civilian labourers and more than 12,000 Allied prisoners died. A railway between Burma and Thailand crossing Three Pagodas Pass and following the valley of the Kwhae Noi river in Thailand, had been surveyed by the British government of Burma as early as 1885, but the proposed course of the line-through hilly jungle terrain divided by many rivers-was considered too difficult to undertake. In early 1942, Japanese forces invaded Burma and seized control of the colony from the United Kingdom. To supply their forces in Burma, the Japanese depended upon the sea, bringing supplies and troops to Burma around the Malay peninsula and through the Strait of Malacca and the Andaman Sea. This route was vulnerable to attack by Allied submarines, especially after the Japanese defeat at the Battle of Midway in June 1942. To avoid a hazardous 2,000 mile (3,200 km) sea journey around the Malay peninsula, a railway from Bangkok to Ranggon seemed a feasible alternative. The Japanese began this project in June 1942. The project aimed to connect Ban Pong in Thailand with Thanbyuzayat in Burma linking up with existing railways at both places. Its route was through Three Pagodas Pass on the border of Thailand and Burma. 69 miles (111km) of the railway were in Burma and the remaining 189 miles (304 km) were in Thailand. The movement of POWs northward from Changi Prison in Singapore and other prison camps in Southeast Asia began in May 1942. After preliminary work of airfields and infrastructure, construction of the railway began in Burma on 15 September 1942 and in Thailand in November. The projected or goal completion date was December 1943. Most of the construction materials, including tracks and sleepers, were brought from dismantled branches or Malaya's Federated Malay States Railway network and the East Indies' various rail networks.

# 7 - NINE ARCH BRIDGE, SRI LANKA

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The Nine Arches Bridge also called The Bridge In The Sky is a bridge in Sri Lanka. It is one of the best examples of colonial-era railway construction in the country. The construction of the bridge is generally attributed to a local Ceylonese builder, P.K. Appuhami, in consultation with British Engineers. The chief designer and project manager of the 'upcountry railway line of Ceylon' project was D. J. Wimalasurendra, a distinguished Ceylonese engineer and inventor. The designer of the viaduct was Harold Cuthebert Marwood of Railway Construction Department of Ceylon Government Railway. The 1923 report titled "Construction of a Concrete Railway Viaduct in Ceylon" published by the Engineering Association of Ceylon has details of all the records including the plans and drawings. It is located in Demodara, between Ella and Deodara railway stations. The surrounding area has seen a steady increase of tourism due to the bridge's architectural ingenuity and the profuse greenery in the nearby hillsides. Popular rumours suggest that when construction work commenced on the bridge, the Great War began between the empires of Europe and the steel assigned for this site was reallocated to Britain's War related projects at the battlefront. As a result, the work came to a standstill, leading build the bridge with stone bricks and cement, but without steel. 

Situated in the provincial town of Ella, approximately 200km from the nation's capitol Colombo, the Nine Arch Bridge is a stunning example of railway bridge architecture. Passing below the majestic mountain range of the Central Highlands, the bridge has nine arches, and forms a viaduct between the Demodara and Ella railway stations. The bridge, which was completed in 1921, spans 91m and stands at a height of 24m above ground. The bridge is unique as it was built using only rocks, bricks and cement. Initially, the bridge was supposed to be constructed using steel, but because of WWI, which was ongoing at the start of construction, the steel reserved for the bridge was reprioritised for the British was effort. Despite the lack of steel foundations, the bridge has stood the test of time and is fully functional to this day. 

# 8 - SYDNEY HARBOUR BRIDGE - AUSTRALIA

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Traversing a stunning natural harbour, the Sydney Harbour Bridge is one of the world's largest steel arch bridges, and connects Sydney's Central Business District (CBD) with the North Shore. First opened in 1932, the bridge was designed under the direction of Australian engineer John Bradfield and took eight years to complete. With an arch that spans 503m, the bridge was built using over 53,000 tonnes of steel and is fastened with approximately six million rivets. Main attractions include the BridgeClimb offering 360 degree views of Sydney, and the Pylon Lookout, a viewing tower located at the South East Pylon. At a height of 87m above mean sea level (AMSL), the lookout offers panoramic views of Sydney Harbour and other landmarks such as the Botanical Gardens and the Sydney Opera House. It also houses three floors of exhibits dedicated to the construction history of the bridge, such as rare photographs and unique bridge-related artefacts. 

# 9 - SAN JUANICO BRIDGE - PHILIPPINES

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San Juanico Bridge (Filipino: Tulay ng San Juanico and Spanish: Puente de San Juanico) is a part of the Pan-Philippine Highway and stretches from Samar to Leyte actross the San Juanico Strait in the Philippines. Its longest length is a steel girder viaduct built on reinforced concrete piers, and its main span is of an arch-shaped truss design. Constructed during the Marcos administration using Japanese Official Development Assistance (ODA) loan,s it has a total length of 2.16 km (1.34 mi) - the longest bridge spanning a body of seawater in the Philippines. Touted as President Ferdinand Marcos "birthday gift" to his wife Imelda, it was one of the hig-visibility foreign-loan projects initiated by Marcos during the run-up to the 1969 Presidential election campaign. Completed four years later, it was inaugurated on July 2, 1973- Imelda Marcos' birthday. Upon its completion, economists and public works engineers quickly tagged it as a white elephant which was "constructed several decades too soon", because its average daily traffic (ADT) was too low to justify the cost of its construction. As a result, its construction has been associated with what has been called the Marcoses' "edifice complex". In the decades after the Marcoses administration, economic activity in Samar and Leyte has finally caught up with the bridge's intended function, and it has become an iconic tourist attraction acknowledged as "part of the identity of people in Samar and Leyte."

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@ Jackie San
 

5 THE BEST RHYTHM OF ASEAN

THE RICH TRADITIONS OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS HAVE BEEN DELIGHTING THE REGION FOR CENTURIES WITH THEIR UNIQUE SOUNDS !

1- GAMELAN

Gamelan is the traditional ensemble music of Java and Bali in Indonesia, made up predominantly of percussive instruments. The most common instruments used are metallophones played by mallets and a set of hand-played drums called 'kendhang' which register the beat. Other instruments include xylophones, bamboo flutes, a bowed instrument called a 'rebab', and even vocalists called 'sindhen'.

Although the popularity of gamelan has declined since the introduction of pop music, gamelan is still commonly played on formal occasions and in many traditional Indonesian ceremonies. For most Indonesians, gamelan is an integral part of Indonesian Culture.

A gamelan is a multi-timbre ensemble consisting of metallophones, flutes, gongs, voices, xylophones, as well as bowed and plucked strings. The hand-played drum called 'kendhang' controls the tempo and rhythm of pieces as well as transitions from one section to another, while one instrument gives melodic cues to indicate treatment or sections of a piece. Some of the instruments that make up a gamelan in present-day Central java. 

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2- KHAEN - Mind-blowing melodies 

Wind instruments are found across Southeast Asia. A famous example is khaen/khene, which comprises bamboo pipes of varying lengths mounted on a windchest. A cultural icon in Laos and Northeast Thailand (Isan), 'khaen' is a common feature in village festivals. 'Khaen' music was added to the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Herritage of Humanity in 2017. 

The most interesting characteristic of kehen is its free reed, which is made of brass or silver. It is related to Western free-reed instruments such as the accordion, harmonica, harmonium, concertina and bandoneon, which were developed beginning in the 18th century from the Chinese Sheng, a related instrument, a specimen of which had been carried to St. Petersburg, Russia. 

It has seven tones per octave, with intervals similar to that of the Western diatonic natural A-minor scale: A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. A khaen can be made in a particular key but cannot be tuned after the reed is set and the pipes are cut. If the khaen is played along with other instruments the others have to tune to the khaen. 

A popular variant uses wind-chests made from dried calabash gourds. Known by different names across the region: dinh nam by the Rade community (Vietnam); naw by the Lahu, lachi by the Akha, fulu by the Lisu (Thailand); sompoton by the Kadazan-Dusun and Murut (Sabah, Malaysia); keluri, keledi or enkulurai by the Kayan and Kenyah (Borneo); and kadedek by the Kebahan (West Kalimantan, Indonesia). 

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3- KULINTANG/KOLINTANG 

Kulintang - is a modern term for an ancient instrumental form of music composed on a row of small, horizontally laid gongs that function melodically, suspended gongs, accompanied by larger and drums. As part of the larger gong-chime culture of Southeast Asia, kulintang music ensembles have been playing for many centuries in regions of the Eastern Indonesia, the Brunei, Timor, Southern Philippines, and Eastern Malaysia, Kulintang evolved from a simple native signaling tradition, and developed into its present form with the incorporation of knobbed gongs from Sunda. Its importance stems from its association with the indigenous cultures that inhabited these islands prior to the influences of Buddhism, Islam, Hinduism, Christianity or the West, making Kulintang the most developed tradition of Southeast Asian archaic gong-chime ensembles.

The instrument called the "Kulintang" -consist of a row/set of 5 to 9 graduated pot gongs, horizontally laid upon a frame arranged in order of pitch with the lowest gong found on the player's left. The gongs are laid in the instrument face side up atop two cords/strings running parallel to the entire length of the frame, with bamboo/wooden sticks/bars resting perpendicular across the frame, creating an entire kulintang set called a "pasangan".

The gongs weigh roughly from two pounds to three pounds each, and have dimensions of 6 to 10 inches for their diameters and 3 to 5 inches for their height. Tradionally they were made from bronze but due to the disruption and loss of trade routes between the islands of Borneo and Mindanao during World War II, resulting in loss of access to necessary metal ores, and the subsequent post-war use of scrap metal, brass gongs with shorter decaying tones are now commonplace. 

The main purpose for Kulintang music in the community is to function as social entertainment at a nonprofessional, folk level. This music is unique in that it is considered a public music in the sense everyone is allowed to participate. Not only do the players play, but audience members are also expected to participate. These performances are important in that they bring people in the community and adjacent regions together, helping unify communities that otherwise may not have interacted with one another. Traditionally, when performers play kulintang music, their participation is voluntary. Musicians see performances as an opportunity to receive recognition, prestige and respect from the community and nothing more. 

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4- SAPE - With Strings Attached

Sapeh, sampet or sapeq is a type of lute played by the natives of Borneo, an island shared between Malaysia, Indonesia and Brunei. In Malaysia, it is synonymous with the Orang Ulu community of Sarawak, while, in Indonesia, it is played by the Kenyah and Kayan Dayaks. In the past, Sapeh was used exclusively in ritualistic music, but now blends well with contemporary arrangements. 

Initially, the sape was a fairly limited instrument with two strings and only three frets. Its use was restricted to a from of ritualistic music to induce trance. In the last century, the sape gradually became a social instrument to accompany dances or as a form of entertainment. Today, three, four or five-string instruments are used, with a range of more than three octaves.

Technically, the sape is a relatively simple instrument, with one string carrying the melody and the accompanying strings as rhythmic drones. In practice, the music is quite complex, with many ornamentations and thematic variations. There are two common modes, one for the men's longhouse dance and the other for the woman's longhouse dance. There also is a third rarely used mode. Sape music is usually inspired by dreams and there are over 35 traditional pieces with many variations. The overall repertoire is slowly increasing.

Sape are still being made in Borneo, and modern innovations like electric sapes are common.

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5- PINPEAT/PIPHAT 

A 'pitpat' is a kind of ensemble in the classical music of Thailand, which features wind and percussion instruments. It is considered the primary form of ensemble for the interpretation of the most sacred and "high-class" compositions of the Thai classical repertoire, including the Buddhist invocation entitle sathukan; as well as the suites called 'phleng rueang'. It is also used to accompany traditional Thai theatrical and dance forms including 'khon'- masked dance-drama, lakhon- classical dance and shadow puppet theather.

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